Part 1- Overview
Read The French and Indian War “In a
Nutshell”
1. What
sides fought in the French and Indian War? Who won?
Read “Why should I care?”
2. What
could America be like today if the French and Indian War would have turned out
differently?
Read “A Different American History”
3. At
the conclusion of the French and Indian War how did the following people groups
view their victory?
·
The British Indian Allies of the British-
·
American
Colonists-
Read Timeline of the War
4. After
reading the timeline, what do you think was the turning point of the French and
Indian War?
Go to Photos and view the slideshow
5. What
was Franklin trying to portray in his “Join or Die” cartoon?
Part 2- The Start
Historic Context
Title: The Seven Years' War
"Half a century of conflict between Britain and France over North America culminated in the
French and Indian War. When the war began, there were more than about 2 million British
colonists in America and about 65,000 French in Canada.
Unlike the three previous Anglo-French wars, which were outgrowths of European conflicts, this
one began with colonial initiatives. Fur traders from Pennsylvania and Virginia were eager to
trade with Indians in the Ohio River valley.
Leading Virginia planters, who were interested in
developing the region, had formed the Ohio Company, and with support of London merchants,
had received a royal grant of 200,000 acres in the Ohio River valley in 1749.
The French, determined to secure the territory against encroaching British and American traders
and land speculators, built a chain of forts along Pennsylvania's Allegheny River. The British
ministry ordered colonial governors to repel the French advance, "by force" if necessary.
In 1753, Virginia's Governor Robert Dinwiddie, an investor in the Ohio Company, sent George
Washington, a 21-year old major in the Virginia militia, to Pennsylvania to demand a French
withdrawal from the forts. The French refused.
In the spring of 1754, Washington returned to
Pennsylvania with about 160 men. The French defeated Washington at Fort Necessity, the first
battle of the French and Indian War.
Meanwhile, representatives of seven colonies met in Albany, New York, with representatives of
the Iroquois Confederacy. The goal of the Albany Congress was to solidify friendship with the
Iroquois in light of the approaching war with France and to discuss the possibility of an intercolonial
union. Benjamin Franklin presented a "plan of union" at the conference that would
establish a Grand Council which would be able to levy taxes, raise troops, and regulate trade with
the Indians. The delegates at the congress approved the plan, but the colonies refused to ratify it,
since it threatened their power of taxation.
Following the surrender of Fort Necessity, Britain ordered 60-year-old Major General Edward
Braddock and a combined force of 3000 redcoats and colonial militia to attack the French
stronghold of Fort Duquesne at the site of present-day Pittsburgh. French and Indian forces
ambushed the expedition eight miles from the fort, killing Braddock and leaving two-thirds of his
soldiers dead or wounded.
In 1756, William Pitt became the king's new chief minister.
Viewing America as the place "where
England and Europe are to be fought for," Pitt let Prussia bear the brunt of the Seven Years' War
in Europe, while concentrating British military resources in America. He united the previously
divided colonies by guaranteeing payment for military services and supplies. He also installed
younger and more capable officers.
Pitt's strategy worked. In 1758, the British, with colonial forces assisting, seized Louisbourg a
French fortress guarding the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. In 1759, British forces sailed up
the river, laid siege to the city of Québec for three months, and defeated French forces in
September.
The next year, Montreal also surrendered to the British, ending the fighting in
America.
The war came to an official end in 1763, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. The treaty gave
Britain all French land in Canada except for two tiny fishing islands south of Newfoundland. To
the south, the treaty gave Britain all of France's holdings east of the Mississippi river, which now
became the boundary between the British colonies and Louisiana, which Spain received from
France before ceding Florida to Britain. In effect, triumphant Britain chose to keep Canada rather
than the conquered Caribbean slave colonies Guadeloupe and Martinique, which were returned
to France."
6. Question: Discuss the impact the French and Indian War had on the settlement of North
America
Look at the map of 1750.
Look at the map of 1763.http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/2400/2435/2435.pdf
7. Describe
the difference in this map compared to the map you just looked at from 1750.
Read “Prelude to War”
8. Describe
the clash that marked the beginning of the French and Indian war.
Who was the clash between?
Who was the clash between?
9. What happened?
10. What were the effects of the French and Indian War? Go to the 3/3 page to find
this.
Gilder Lehrman Document Number: GLB 321
Title: British North America in 1755
Year: 1755
"Canada must be subdued"
"Such is the British Empire in North America; which from Nova-Scotia to Georgia is a Tract of
1600 Miles Sea-Coast; a Country productive of all the necessaries and Conveniences of Life; and
which already contains a greater Number of People than either the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily,
Sardinia, Portugal, Spain, Denmark, Sweden, or Prussia, or the Republic of Holland. In short,
there are but three Powers in Europe, which surpass them in Number, the German Empire,
France, and perhaps England. America is become the Fountain of our Riches, for with America
our greatest trade is carried on....
This is the Country, which the French have many Years envied us, and which they have been
long meditating to make themselves Masters of: They are at length come to a Resolution to
attack us, in profound Peace, in one of the best of those Colonies, Virginia; and in that part of it
which lies on the River Ohio, to which Country they never pretended before. Every one knows
that the English were the first and only Europeans who settled Virginia.... The French however if
they find their Way to the Coast of Virginia, will easily over-run the provinces, because each
Province considers itself as independence of the Rest, and the Invaders from Canada all act
under one Governor; to unite 13 Provinces which fill an Extent of 1600 Miles is not easy....
Canada must be subdued."
11. Why are the French envious of Britain?
12. Why is the 1600 mile tract important?
Part 3- Fighting the War
DOCUMENT 2 Gilder Lehrman Document Number: GLC 4944
Title: A Soldier's Diary Author: Robert Moses Year: 1755
Annotation: A soldier's diary provides a vivid first-hand account of fighting in northern New York during the
early stages of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War), when the British and colonial
forces suffered a series of punishing defeats at the hands of the French and their Indian allies.
"We were informed that a number of Indians killed two men in a very barbarous manner.
Destroyed eight cattle carried away the value of three. A scout consisting of thirty men pursued
them on Friday July 25th [1755] but could not discover them.....
...we received intelligence that a number of Indians supposed to consist of one hundred killed two
men about two miles from the Fort [Bellowe's Fort], took the man's heart and cut it in two and laid
it on his neck, and butchers the other most barbarously, sought a house near the Fort, wounded
one man that he died about an hour after our arrival....
Cutlasses and hatchets playing on every quarter with much effusion of blood but our New
Hampshire forces being fresh & courageous and the Enemy tired and much discouraged with the
Defeat they met with, retreated and made their escape toward a Creek the next day they were
pursued a vast quantity of plunder was taken up which they dropped in the creek. The day after
the battle three Frenchmen were taken up by the Guard of Fort Lymon who upon examination
declared that their Army was entirely broke...."
13. To what does Moses attribute their success against the French?
Gilder Lehrman Document Number: GLC 1412.11
Title: Fasting and Repentance
Author: Stephen Hopkins
Year: 1756
Annotation: In 1756, the French and their Indian allies won a series of military victories in what is now upstate
New York and southern Ontario. Following the British and colonial defeats in the early stages of
the conflict, Governor Stephen Hopkins (1707-1785) of Rhode Island issued a proclamation
calling for a day of fasting and repentance. Because the United States has not been the scene of
bloody battles, invasions, and wartime atrocities for well over 130 years (except, of course, for the
Native American population), it is easy to forget the ravages and perils of the first 258 years of
our history.
"All who acknowledge God's moral Government of the World, believe that the Sins of Mankind
draw down his Judgments upon them. And as the English Colonies on the Continent are fallen
under the Chastising hand of Heaven who has permitted the barbarous and cruel Savages of the
Wilderness to spoil and destroy their Borders to murder their young Men and to carry their Sons
and Daughters into the most Calamitous Captivity and are threatened with Wars Still more
General and Judgments which portend their utter Extirpation Under such Circumstances Reason
Suggests and Revelation Demonstrates that our whole Safety depend on deeply humbling
ourselves before God Sincerely repenting of our Sins and religiously resolving to reform our Lives
and Actions for the Time to come.
Such Considerations have moved the General assembly of the said Colony to direct Me to
proclaim Thursday the Twentieth Day of this Instant May to be observed as a Day of Fasting and
Prayer throughout the Colony and that no Servile Labor be done on that Day but that all Societies
of Christians within the Same Assemble themselves together at their Several usual Places of
public Worship and there humbly address the Throne of Grace for the Preservation of George the
Second our present King of his Royal Family and of the British Constitution and for the Peace and
Safety of all his Colonies. And principally that we may break off from our Sins by hearty
Repentance and may avert the Judgments of God and obtain his Favor by true Amendment of
Life."
14. Describe why Hopkins has made this proclamation.
15. What result does he hope to obtain?
Title: The Capture of Québec
Author: John Knox
Year: 1763
Annotation: The climatic battle of the conflict took place on September 12-13, 1759. After laying siege to the
city of Québec for three months, 5,000 British regulars sail past the city and secretly scaled the
cliffs leading to the Plains of Abraham, west of the city, under cover of darkness. The French
moved quickly to repel the surprise attack, but within 15 minutes, the battle was decided. Captain
John Knox offers a first-hand account of the decisive battle that brought an end to French rule
over Canada.
"About ten o'clock the enemy began to advance briskly in three columns, with loud shouts and
recovered arms, two of them inclining to the left of our army, and the third towards our right, firing
obliquely at the two extremities of our line, from the distance of one hundred and thirty, until they
came within forty, yards; which our troops withstood with the greatest intrepidity and firmness, still
reserving their fire, and paying the strictest obedience to their officers. This uncommon
steadiness, together with the havoc which the grapeshot from our fieldpieces made among them,
threw them into some disorder, and was most critically maintained by a well-timed, regular, and
heavy discharge of our small arms, such as they could no longer oppose. Hereupon they gave
way, and fled with precipitation, so that, by the time the cloud of smoke was vanished, our men
were again loaded, and, profiting by the advantage we had over them, pursued them almost to
the gates of the town and the bridge over the little river, redoubling our fire with great eagerness,
making many officers and men prisoners."
16. To what does Knox attribute the victory?
Gilder Lehrman Document Number: GLC 766
Title: The Fate of Native Americans
Author: Richard Peters
Year: 1761
Annotation: No longer able to play the French off against the British, Native Americans found it increasingly
difficult to slow the advance of white settlers into the western parts of New York, Pennsylvania,
North and South Carolina, and Virginia. To stop encroachments on their lands in the Southeast,
the Cherokees attacked frontier settlements in the Carolinas and Virginia in 1760. Defeated the
next year by British regulars and colonial militia, the Cherokees had to allow the English to build
forts on their territory.
Indians in western New York and Ohio also faced encroachment onto their lands.
With the French
threat removed, the British reduced the price paid for furs, allowed settlers to take Indian land
without payments, and built forts in violation of treaties with local tribes. In the Spring of 1763, an
Ottawa chief named Pontiac led an alliance of Delaware, Seneca, Shawnee, and other western
Indians in rebellion. Pontiac's alliance attacked forts in Indiana, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and
Wisconsin that Britain had taken over from the French, destroying all but three.
Pontiac's forces
then moved eastward, attacking settlements in western Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia,
killing more than 2000 colonists. Without assistance from the French, however, Pontiac's
rebellion petered out by the year's end.
The following letter provides context for Pontiac's uprising. Teedyuscung, a leader of the
Delawares who is mentioned in the letter, originally sided with the French during the French and
Indian War.
Once the British agreed to honor Teedyuscung's land claims, however, he threw his
support to England. The British also wanted to gain the support of the Iroquois, the most powerful
people in western New York. At the Albany Congress in 1754, British commissioners (including
Richard Peters (1704-1776), author of this letter) met with the leaders of the Iroquois League
under the pretense of addressing Iroquois grievances. But instead they arranged agreements
beneficial to themselves, outraging the Iroquois as well as many colonists who wanted the lands
for themselves.
"...There is a general Disposition in all the Tribes of Western Indians to come to Philadelphia next
Summer, which will produce a numerous meeting.... You [will hear] of the very bad behavior of
Teedyuseung [a leader of the Delawares] at Pittsburgh, and in the other Places where he had any
thing to do, and that he is in very low repute among his Ohio Brethren of the Delaware Indians....
However abundance will be said of them at the ensuing Treaty, & many things which may affect
the Rights and former Proceedings of the Six Nations [a federation of tribes consisting of the
Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora]; and therefore it may be
absolutely necessary that there should be a very respectful Body of Deputies properly
instructed...present at this meeting....
The Connecticut People are making their grand push both in England for a new Grant from the
King, and in this Province for a forcible entry and detainer of the Indian Land, on no other
Pretence than that their Charter extends to the South Seas, and so like mad men they will cross
New York and New Jersey, and come and kindle an Indian war in the Bowels of this poor
Province...."
17. What are they expecting Teedyuseung to do at the meeting in Philadelphia and
what do they plan to do in return?
18. Explain what the Connecticut People are trying to do and what they think will
happen as a result?
Part 4: Aftermath
Write a 1 Paragraph Summary of the Aftermath of the French and Indian War.
